War on Discourse

 Good morning/afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I am very honoured to speak today and thank-you, very much, for inviting me to be here.

“An unjust peace is better than a just war.” Marcus Tullius Cicero

“We are going to have peace, even if we have to fight for it.” Dwight D. Eisenhower

These two quotes mention both peace and fighting; they have, however, completely contrasting, even contradictory meanings. One emphasises that any type or form of peace is preferable to war whereas the other foregrounds, even encourages, the need for fighting in order to achieve peace.
These distinct discourses are seen throughout war literature as it seems that under the pressure of war people are more capable than ever to express their beliefs, feelings and opinions through poetry. By contrasting poems with a shared discourse of war it is possible to identify the ideologies and beliefs of the poet surrounding the importance of peace and the true meaning of honour, pride and warfare.

Vitaï Lampada, written by Sir Henry Newbolt during the First World War, invites the audience to accept the act of war as honourable and necessary through the existing discourses. It is a highly persuasive and purposive poem that aimed to provide a guiding principle for the conduct of life in particular relation to warfare and enlistment. Through the use of poetic techniques, relevant and influential metaphors and language specifically related to a pro war discourse, Sir Henry Newbolt clearly illustrates his beliefs. He uses a game of cricket as a metaphor for war and the importance of enlistment.  The first stanza, in particular, illustrates his perspective of war through the use of the imagery of soldiers being like batsmen on a cricket team. It promotes the idea that learning to be a team player is better than thinking of personal gain through the phrase ‘And it’s not for the sake of a ribboned coat, or the selfish hope of a season’s fame, but his captain’s hand on his shoulder smote’. In this, the poet has established a moral connection with the audience, capturing their attention. He encourages the belief that the values needed to play sport are identical to those needed at war. Unlike most poets who also wrote about the honour and pride involved in going to war, Newbolt has not disguised the bloodshed and carnage in his poem. Despite illustrating the mayhem, death and slaughter of war in the lines “The river of death has brimmed his banks,” and “The sand of the desert is sodden red,” the audience is still positioned to view his writing as pro war. This is due to the tone, rhythm and structure of the poem which further emphasises the belief that war is right and principled. The poem has a definite positive air about it and is written with a fast tempo and quick rhythm. Newbolt uses short lines with very few syllables so it is read with an upbeat tempo, inspiring the audience to feel encouraged and optimistic about war. Newbolt concludes his poem with a plea for values of continuity, tradition and discipline. This plea appeals to his audience and persuades them to support his pro war discourse.  “And falling fling to the host behind – “Play up! Play up! And play the game!” While revealing a pro war discourse, Newbolt appeals to the audience through discourses of selflessness, sacrifice and tradition.

Keith Douglas’s poem ‘How to Kill’, also written during the First World War, presents a great contrast in discourse, intention and subject matter to Vitaï Lampada and this contrast shows a clear anti war propensity. The language, theme and use of metaphors all contribute to the influence the poem has on an audience.  In the poem, Douglas has also used a child’s game as a metaphor for war. In this instance, however, the metaphor achieves a completely different purpose. The poet uses the lines “Under the parabola of a ball, a child turning into a man,” to indicate a considerable change in a person. As a child, one throws a ball for fun and as a soldier there’s a dreadful echo of that pleasure in killing, or aiming a missile or gun. In exposing the loss of innocence involved in war, through this metaphor, he encourages the importance of peace. The poem goes on to talk about the enemy as a real person and this further conveys the poet’s anti war message. Through the lines, “He smiles, and moves about in ways his mother knows, habits of his,” the poet identifies the individual and gives him character. By giving the man personality, he positions the audience to feel sympathy, regret and sorrow. This device is seen in movies, television shows and books and is effective in connecting and influencing the audience in the same way. The poet further stimulates the emotions of the reader by depicting the act of killing as easy and effortless. “And look, has made a man of dust of a man of flesh. This sorcery I do. Being damned, I am amused.” This section of the poem reveals the detachment involved in the killing and that the killer feels as though he is guilty, condemned and cursed. He is fascinated by how easy the act of killing can be. In contrast to Vitaï Lampada, ‘How to Kill’ is written as a warning to the terrible and shocking impacts of war.

Douglas and Newbolt express diverse opinions on war in a very interesting manner. While using many of the same techniques, metaphors and approach they are able to achieve conflicting arguments. ‘Vitaï Lampada’ and ‘How to Kill’ both appeal to the emotions, values and morals of the audience especially through the ‘game metaphor’. This metaphor encompasses the discourse, whether anti or pro war, of the poet. In ‘Vitaï Lampada’ it is utilised to encourage the values learnt in conjunction with sporting competition in war. However, in ‘How to Kill’, it is used to expose the loss of innocence and the mindless killing involved in war. The similarities seen within these poems are the aspects that create such a significant difference in the meaning. It is obvious that war poems can clearly represent the ideologies and beliefs of their poets through portraying discourses that appeal to an audience and convey a specific message.

Thank-you for giving me the opportunity to talk to you today and for listening to everything I had to say. 

Thermal Physics / Townsville

Thermal Physics

Townsville usually has a beautiful climate, located in a tropical region and a rain shadow it has about 300 rain free days per year. The sunshine, high temperatures, lack of moisture in winter and the prospect of flooding in the summer has a profound effect on all aspects of life and landscape. In order to achieve energy efficiency and climatic performance of housing in Townsville the environment and temperature needs to be carefully considered in planning and development stages. This report will explain and explore the physics of heat transfer in relation to various features of housing, provide recommendations for the construction of houses specifically within the Townsville region with consideration to heat transfer from conduction, convection and radiation; and, explore economic factors related to these recommendations. Keeping houses at a comfortable temperature almost all year round without the use of artificial heating or cooling will help to save money, minimise environmental impacts and enjoy the tropical lifestyle.

Understanding that heat can be moved from one place to another by means of three processes is essential in designing a home with regard to the environment and temperature conditions. These three processes are: conduction, convection and radiation. Each process contributes to the heating/cooling of a house.

Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transferred through solids as a result of the vibration of particles (Classroom, 1996). Particles with greater heat energy collide with other particles and transfer some of this energy. So, conduction is the flow of internal energy from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature through this interaction, involving atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. in the intervening space (Elert, 1998). There is nothing physical or material about this interaction as nothing other than a transfer of energy is occurring. In this, conduction involves a loss of energy from particles with greater energy and a gain of energy for particles with less heat energy in a collision. For example, if the outside of a wall is hot, heat will be transferred from the outside surface of a block (the outside of the home), to the inside surface of a block (the inside of the home). A diagram of this can be seen in Appendix 1. The rate at which different materials transfer heat by conduction varies and is measured by the material’s thermal conductivity (W/m/K). A table of common materials and their thermal conductivity can be seen in Appendix 2.

A poor conductor of heat is any substance which does not conduct, transfer or absorb heat well or at all. These materials have a lower thermal conductivity and can be found toward the bottom of the table in Appendix 2. Generally, metals are better conductors than non-metals. Metals are excellent conductors of heat as their particles are so close together that the vibrations are passed on tremendously quickly. The rate in which heat can be transformed is increased dramatically. Furthermore, as non-metals do not possess the same tightly bound structure with a loose sea of electrons, heat cannot be transferred as quickly or with the same amount of energy. Materials that are poor thermal conductors can also be described as being good thermal insulators as an insulator is a material that restricts the transfer of energy. Restricting the heat energy that can be transferred through the process of conduction will be beneficial in keeping the house comfortable and cool.  

The factors that affect the rate of heat transfer need to be identified because of the frequent need to increase or decrease how quickly heat flows between two locations. Decreasing the rate of heat flow through the roof and walls of a house should decrease the heat energy transferred through the roof cavity into the house during daylight hours. The difference in temperature, material, area and thickness or distance will affect the rate of heat transfer. In conduction, heat is transferred from a hot substance to a cold one. This transfer of heat will continue as long as there is a difference in temperature between the two, only stopping one they have reached thermal equilibrium (the same temperature). The second variable of importance is the material involved in the transfer. The measure of this is referred to as the ‘heat transfer coefficient’.  The greater this measurement is the greater the rate of heat transfer. The thickness or distance that the heat must be conducted will also affect the rate of heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer is inversely proportional to the thickness of the material. The rate of conductive heat transfer is given by:

, where ‘k’ is the thermal conductivity, ‘a’ is the area, ‘T_Hot’ is the temperature of the hotter material, ‘T_Cold’ is the temperature of the cooler temperature, ‘t’ is the time taken and ‘d’ is the thickness of the material. Decreasing the thermal conductivity, the difference in temperature and the area; and, increasing the thickness of the material, will decrease the rate of the heat transfer.

The second process, convection, is the transfer of heat by the motion of a fluid (liquid/gas). Convection occurs when the heated fluid (liquid or gas) is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it (Nave). The process often occurs above a hot surface because hot air expands, molecules spread out and the air becomes less dense. The hot surface (heat source) transfers energy through particle collision to the liquid/gas. As liquid/gas particles gain heat energy they move faster and bonds between them decrease. The particles spread out and the density of the material decreases. Hot air is less dense and experiences a buoyant force, pushing it upward, the surrounding cooler air replacing it (see Appendix 3 for diagram). In houses, after heat is transferred through walls by means of conduction, it is carried away from the walls by conduction and circulated throughout the house. This circulation will continue until the temperature evens out. It is important to understand this process in order to minimise heat inside the home. Through understanding convection, a number of recommendations for the design of a house can be made to increase air flow and decrease hot air in a house.

The final major process of heat transfer is radiation. Radiation, unlike convection and conduction, does not rely on any contact between the heat source and the heated object. Heat from the sun reaches us as radiation, much as visible light and the rest similar to electromagnetic waves that our eyes cannot detect. Heat energy, carried by electromagnetic waves, can be transferred through empty space by thermal radiation, often called infrared radiation. As with light, infrared heat radiation is actually an example of an electromagnetic wave (Fowler, 2008). Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. As both electricity and magnetism can be static, the changing magnetic field inducing the changing electric field and vice versa. The radiation comes about because the oscillating ions and charged electrons in a warm solid are accelerating electric charges. As the transfer of heat is through electromagnetic waves, where a medium is not necessary, radiation works in and through vacuums such as space and air.

To some extent, radiation from a heated body depends on the body being heated (Fowler, 2008). Considering how different materials absorb radiation will reflect the importance of this dependence. For instance, glass will hardly absorb light, the radiation simply passes through. The electrons in glass are tightly bound to atoms and can only oscillate at certain frequencies. For radiation to be absorbed, the frequencies must correspond. The frequencies obtained by ordinary glass do not correspond with visible light and so little energy is absorbed. However, infrared and ultraviolet frequencies do correspond with the natural oscillations of glass and so some heat energy is absorbed by light. A shiny metallic surface will reflect heat and light because of the structure of a metal. As the electrons are free to move through the entire solid, a metal will conduct both heat and electricity easily. The distinguishing shiny surface of a metal is the result of the reflection of light/radiation. The free electrons are driven into large oscillations by the electrical field of the light wave (radiation) and this oscillating current radiates. So, for a shiny metal surface, almost none of the incoming radiation is absorbed as heat, it is reflected. A black substance will neither transmit nor reflect the radiation. It will conduct an electric current but not as efficiently as a metal. There are unattached electrons that move through the solid however they are constantly colliding. These collisions result in the transfer of kinetic energy to heat energy. The material consequently gains heat energy.

Radiation heat transfer can be described with the use of ‘black bodies’. A black body completely absorbs all thermal radiation and so will not reflect light. Emissivity is the measure of an object's ability to emit infrared energy.  Emissivity can have a value from 0 (shiny mirror) to 1.0 (blackbody). The greater the emissivity of an object is, the greater the ability to emit infrared energy and release unwanted heat energy. An example of heat transfer through radiation is found in an attic. The sun radiates heat to the roof, which in turn heats and radiates heat down toward the ceiling. If the insulation covering the ceiling does not resist this heat transfer then the ceiling will heat up, radiate heat down into the home and the home will become increasingly hotter. Despite the best efforts, some heat energy will be transferred through radiation. So, the use of insulation to limit conduction will also decrease the transfer of heat energy through radiation.

The following section of the report will explore and justify recommendations to increase the climatic performance of houses in the Townsville region. It will focus on recommendations to (1) keep cool air inside the house, (2) keep maximum heat out during the day, (3) release unwanted heat quickly one the sun has set and (4) provide low-cost, effective solutions. There are many factors that need to be considered involving the area and environment when making these recommendations.

As the roof is the leading source of heat intrusion into houses, the first recommendation is in relation to its structure. To keep the house cool, the roof should strongly reflect sunlight and also cool itself quickly by emitting radiation to its surroundings when the sun has set. To reduce the thermal energy transferred into the house through the roof both conduction and radiation processes need to be limited. Understanding both these processes justifies the idea that the material used should have a low thermal conductivity, to decrease the rate of conduction and a reflective surface to reflect the heat energy that may be gained through radiation. Another aspect to consider is the thickness of the material. Primary requirements for roofing materials include: high thermal capacity (to absorb solar heat during the day and release it during the night) and good reflectivity (to reduce heat load and thermal movements). The colour, shape and composition of the roof need to be considered.

It is recommended that a light, reflective colour is used on the roof. As discussed in the theory review, the colour will limit radiation as it reflects the electromagnetic waves more effectively than dark or transparent colours. When an object appears a certain colour it means that it is reflecting light of that colour and absorbing all the other colours. The greater amount of light an object absorbs, the greater amount of heat an object absorbs. A black object absorbs all wavelengths of light and reflects none. Whereas objects that are white reflect all wavelengths of light and therefore absorb the least heat. A colour such as white, cream, light beige or light grey would prove to be optimal. This is supported by the practical component of this report. An experiment was conducted in which two different roof structures and 3 different roof colours where tested. The white roof (compared to the black and silver roofs) obtained the best results in that the difference between the initial and final temperatures was the smallest. The white roof absorbed the least amount of heat in the specific time period. The results from this experiment can be found in Appendix 4. As stated above, these results are supported and can be justified with knowledge of the different processes of heat transfer. Additionally, an experiment was conducted to specifically test a white, reflective roof on an average Townsville home. The experiment supported the theory that a white, reflective roof will absorb the least amount of radiated heat. The results from this experiment can be found in Appendix 5.

It is also recommended that steel roof sheeting, such as corrugated iron, is used as the roofing material. This roofing material will lose heat quickly as the sun sets rather than capturing and retaining this heat. Steel has a higher emissivity than most other suitable materials and will result in the material releasing unwanted heat quickly into the surrounding environment. This can be seen in table available in Appendix 6. Steel roof sheeting is an ideal alternative to roof tiles, for example, which will absorb heat during the day and then slowly re-radiate it into the home at night. Secondary data has been found to support this theoretical recommendation. An experiment was conducted by the Florida Solar Energy Centre in order to improve attic thermal performance. A table of the results can be found in Appendix 7. In summary, the experiment found that a white metal roof was superior to that of various other colours and materials.

The next two recommendations are to specifically reduce and limit the rate of heat transfer through the roof and ceiling. The recommendations are concerning the use of various insulations to combat and limit conduction processes. Thermal insulation is a general term used to describe a product that reduces heat gain or heat loss by providing a barrier between two areas that have a significant difference in temperature (Knauf, 2007). There are two main types of insulation: bulk and reflective; it is recommended that both are used.

It is recommended that a combination of both bulk and reflective insulation is used in the ceiling/attic. Bulk insulation reduces the amount of heat being transferred into the home. It works by resisting the amount of conducted and convected heat flow between the hotter air in the roof-space and the cooler air inside the home. There are several types of bulk insulation including polyester wool, bubble wrap, fibreglass (glass wool), rock wool, cellulose fibre and polystyrene and depending on the type may be supplied as a blanket, batts or blown loosely onto the ceiling to form a layer. The level of insulation a product is able to supply is given as an R-value (see Appendix 14 for table of R-values). An R-value, measured in m²K/W, is calculated using the thickness of the material and the thermal conductivity in the formula: R-Value = , where ‘d’ is the thickness in metres and ‘k’ is the thermal conductivity. Reflective insulation reflects heat away from a surface preventing 95% of radiant heat from entering the house. Highly effective at preventing the entrance of radiant heat, reflective insulation will reflect the heat away before it has a chance to heat up the roof space. Together, these components must achieve an R-value of 2.7 to comply with the building code of Australia; however, it is recommended that an R-value of about 4 is achieved through the use of cellulose wet-spray or loose-fill insulation (see Appendix 13). While natural wool and polyester based insulations provide a higher level of thermal efficiency, the insulation provided by cellulose is sufficient and provides an economic alternative. Additionally, the inclusion of a reflective foil laminate installed directly underneath the roof sheeting will compensate for the compromised R-value.  It is important when installing the reflective insulation that there is an air gap left. Air is a poor conductor of heat (has a low thermal conductivity) and will limit heat transfer to radiant heat between the roof and the layers of insulation.

To further enhance the reduction of heat transfer through radiation, the orientation and availability of shade for a house needs to be considered. To increase the climatic performance of a house, the direct sunlight onto and into the home needs to be limited. By limiting this direct sunlight the radiation from infrared light, ultraviolet light and visible light is restricted. It is necessary to understand the movement of the sun to create effective shading. It is recommended that roof overhangs are utilised on north and south sides of the home. During the middle of the day, when the sun is at its highest points (see Appendix 8), the north and south sides of the home are affected. Overhangs of 900mm will provide the walls with complete shade. As unshaded glass is another major source of unwanted heat in a home, it is also recommended that vertical shading is used on east and west facing windows. Vertical shading in the form of lattice screens, timber batten screens, aluminium batten awnings or mixed height planting of scrubs and trees is essential to decrease the transfer of radiant heat to the outside the east and west facing walls of a home that are affected by low-angled sun in the morning and afternoon.

The orientation of the house is critical in creating a suitable design for the Townsville climate. Using knowledge of the sun’s movement across the sky and the consequent angles (as with shading the house) it is possible to design a home that will minimise heat gain and provide shade where it is most needed: living and dining areas.

It is recommended that a house in Townsville is orientated with the longest side on an east-west axis. This will minimise the surface areas that face the east and west and reduce effects of the afternoon and morning long-angled sun. Orientating the house on a north-south axis will present a large amount of wall and window surface area to the low-angled sun. As discussed in the theory review, allowing direct radiant heat into the home will allow furniture and air in a room heat up. Although the conducted experiment only revealed a marginal difference between a pitched and flatter roof, theoretically a pitched roof would provide a higher level of protection from heat. As well as orientating the house, orientating the rooms will effectively enhance the thermal performance of a house, decreasing the temperature in the rooms (see Appendix 9). Living areas including kitchen, dining, living and family rooms are recommended to face north or north-east, taking advantage of the natural shade protection from the angles of the sun. Additionally, the wind direction distribution chart included in Appendix 10 taken from ‘Wind and Weather Statistics Townsville’ shows that most breezes in Townsville are in a north-easterly direction. Orientating rooms on this axis takes advantage of the cool breezes.

 To further increase ventilation and keep rooms cool and comfortable it is necessary to harness and use natural breezes. Maximising access to breezes, enabling ventilation by convection and creating air movement will all contribute to the cooling of a house. To increase the access to breezes, as mentioned above, it is recommended houses face a north or north-east direction. As well as this, homes should be built with single room depths. This provides optimal cross-ventilation through an entry and exit area in every wall for breezes to pass through. The final recommendation to increase ventilation in the house is to elevate the home and ceiling. This is because access to prevailing breezes increases with height. Elevated houses in Townsville receive faster, cooling breezes (see Appendix 11). Furthermore, this design of house allows breezes to pass underneath the home, in turn assisting to cool the floor and prevent hot air rising up into the home. High ceilings will assist in keeping living spaces cool and comfortable by allowing convection process to take place without affecting living spaces. Hot air will rise and the high ceiling guarantees this hot air will stay above the area intended for living. 

Convection can also be enhanced by devices in the ceiling or roof. These devices are additions that can be made to any house to increase climatic performance of a house. They include roof ventilators, louvered windows, grills, gable vents, open eaves, vented ridges, exhaust fans and raked ceilings (see Appendix 12).

In conclusion, the exploration of heat transfer and the physics involved is detrimental to the effective design of houses that wish to achieve a high level of climatic performance. Through understanding the major processes of heat transfer it is possible to make recommendations in relation to the loss and gain of heat to improve the construction of houses. The report reveals that there are numerous means of decreasing thermal heat energy that can be achieved regardless of financial situation.

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Mercutio Monologue / Romeo & Juliet

Analysis

Script Title: Love and Hate Character: Mercutio Setting: A street Scene: Before the entrance of Benvolio in scene 4, Act 1.

Description of actions

Realisation Mercutio feels frustrated and depleted. He believes that Romeo has spent the night with Rosaline despite the warnings that he has given him. He realises that love is the reason for Romeo’s ignorance and wonders whether he could face Tybalt in a fight.	Where the devil is Romeo? Has he been with Rosaline? I have warned him, I told him. He will not listen! Love doesn’t make you blind. Romeo still sees Rosaline’s bright eyes. [Indirect, 2, 1, 19] Her splendour, her beauty. Love has not blinded Romeo; it has made him deaf.  I fear for him, he does not know the true love. He knows only love’s disguise. She hides behind an elegant mask and won’t reveal herself until her grasp on him is eternal. Until there is nothing he can do but fall apart. Collapse completely and know who she is. The enemy. He dreams of love and his dreams deceive him. Master of deception, love has whispered lies into his soul. And still, he treats love as a close friend, unable to separate his life from love’s misguiding direction. Fall in love, that is fine, but just make sure you fall deep enough to stay there forever. [Ram Mohan Roy, 2004] Alas, poor Romeo, you are already dead. Being shot by an arrow would be less painful. He has chosen this torture. Is he a man to encounter Tybalt?	Angry, storm in to room. (Pace quickly, panicked) Stop face audience on ‘He will not listen!’ Bitter. Laugh, a little crazily, after ‘true love’. Drop head on ‘elegant mask’. Look up on ‘fall apart’. Emphasise ‘know’. Sound angry. Breathe heavily. Laugh, defeated. Unsure of what to do.
Self-Division Mercutio begins by comparing Tybalt to Romeo, convincing himself that love is behind Romeo’s incompetence. Mercutio then begins to compare himself to Tybalt and explores the idea of hate in relation to Tybalt. Mercutio questions why he admires Tybalt and his ability to hate. He also starts to question what he knows as love.	No, he is not. Romeo cannot face Tybalt’s challenge. Tybalt. O, he’s the courageous captain of compliments. He fights like you sing at a recital, keeps time, distance and proportion. He is quick where Romeo is idle, alert where Romeo is asleep. Tybalt was never fooled by love.  Once I was as Romeo is now. Desperate for it, for love. So trusting of the monster. I have love, so much, in fact, that it has become not unlike getting changed in the morning. A daily routine that you do not question. A frequent occurrence with numerous women. This is the love I know. And I hate love. I hate love like Tybalt hates. Tybalt knows only hate. He knows hate as it truly is, a fire in the soul. A desire to inflict pain, cruel, merciless torture. This is what I feel for love. Tybalt has never felt love’s burden. That which makes the soul heavy and drowns you. That stakes you to the ground so you cannot move. An unfair game, love. Why is it that I admire Tybalt? So heartless, so cold. Tybalt, who cannot love. How is it that I am jealous of him? I can see that Tybalt is not unlike love herself. It is obvious to me, the likeness in them. Tybalt who is quick-tempered, proud and arrogant. The personification of hate. Reminds me of love.	Firm, directed. Pull out sword, mimic Tybalt fighting. Throw sword away. Sit down on chair. Roll eyes on ‘monster’. Laugh at the fact that love is so simple. Smile and enjoy talking about hate. Confused, disgusted. Thoughtful, convinced that he is right. Laugh at the irony.
Transcendence Mercutio tries to convince himself that love and hate are similar to explain his admiration of Tybalt. As the cracks in his argument start to reveal themselves, Mercutio begins to realise that his idea of love has stemmed from lust. He starts to understand that his idea of love is the outcome of the hate he has for himself.	Isn’t that strange. Oh, how love and hate can be so similar. If only Romeo could know how closely related they truly are. There is a thin line between them. Surely, this is true. Love and hate are both strong passions and rather than being opposites, they can merge together with little warning. Love and hate are not like light and dark, loud and silent or god and satin; they are not opposites. Yet, how is that? Tybalt cannot be the epitome of hate if hate and love are similar. Tybalt will have nothing to do with love. Like Romeo and Tybalt himself, love and hate cannot be the same. It doesn’t make any sense. Unless what I know of love or hate is mistaken. If in fact, the love that I know has stemmed from hate. Then they might be similar in the way that they destroy you. But if this is true, love that has stemmed from hate is not love.	Stand up and pace. Use hand gestures. Emphasise ‘surely.’ Loudly, convinced. Pause. Overwhelmed and confused. Frown, bewildered. Unable to make sense of love. Still confused.
Self-Realisation Mercutio realises that his idea of love is warped and has been influenced by self-loathing. He has realised that the way he has been feeling is the result of this hate. He then goes on to relate this realisation back to Romeo and is convinced that Romeo will find love.	This means that I do not know love; I must know hate.  Hate for myself. That is the only logical vindication, justification of my actions. The answer to why I put myself through the pain. I believed the agony was caused by love. The result of loving. This cannot be. My pride, my ego assured me that love was the source behind my resentment, my anger. How conceited, how imprudent I am. I know hate like the palm of my hand, like a brother or a sister. Exactly as Tybalt has for Romeo and all Montagues. The outcome of the stock and honour of his kin. I have this hate for myself. Hate is not my friend and yet he is where I seek comfort. The emptiness, the cruelty, jealousy and selfishness that I have known; that is hate. Oh dear Romeo you will know love. What you feel for Rosaline is too like what I have known before. Rather a lust, than a love. But you will know what love is. What true, good love is. The honest type, the type so unlike Tybalt and hate.	Dark, heavy tone. Apprehensive and uneasy. Loud, raise voice. Play with fingers, hands. Run hand through hair, stressed. Sit down again. Emphasise ‘feel’.
Self-Projection After realising that no good can come from his current state he decides that he wants to find love again.	I cannot continue, pretending that I am shrewd or intelligent, that I am wise or that I know anything of love. I want the love that I have heard Romeo speak of. The love that brings joy. To speak of this love only reminds me of the men I saw as fools not long ago. Oh love, I realise now that these men know the true you. I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear. [Martin Luther King, Jr.]	Shake head, steady voice. Laugh at ‘fools’. Conclusive, decisive.

I Was 20 / Short Story

I was 20. It was 1914. I enlisted in August. It was a week after my birthday. At 6 foot 4 inches, they signed me up before a medical. The pride, honour and excitement I felt for being able to serve king and country overwhelmed me. I had convinced myself that I would fight to defend the Mother Country. The land my grandfather spoke so kindly of. And that this was fitting, even admirable. Looking back, it’s all bullshit.

*            *            *
My eyelids were frozen shut as I crawled out from underneath someone’s leg. Sleeping close together kept you warm. I used my fingernails to carefully peel back my eyelids revealing the black cover of early morning. A sliver of light just peeking over the horizon as dawn broke. The sergeant came around asking for volunteers while we were eating breakfast. Said they needed a patrol group; a group of men sent out into no man’s land to establish how many enemy positions were still manned. Most of the men were avoiding his gaze; they knew that a patrol in full daylight was a death sentence. I agreed to go in exchange for an extra 2 packets of cigarettes. 

“And for the privilege of serving England and all her glory!” Macca exclaimed as he also volunteered, his voice brimming with sarcasm. The twenty men who overheard the conversation sniggered.
“Mate, if I was here for the bloody Brits I’d be dead as a maggot. Bloody hopeless that lot. I wouldn’t do that patrol for a million dollars!” One of the men explained before turning back to his game of cards. This caused another round of laughter.

It was midday when we started up towards the frontline. The distant humming became steadily louder as we approached the trenches our men occupied. On the way we passed through what was left of a forest. Blown to pieces, there was only a smattering of trees left. And men, what was left of them, lying everywhere. Looking around there were dead men in the trees, missing legs. Others, uniforms burnt off, were naked. The putrid smell, a mixture of vomit, blood and burnt flesh, was enough to leave three of our men on their knees, vomiting. After confirming that none of them were alive, we pressed on. It was late afternoon when we reached the frontline and began our patrol. As planned, we crawled forward as a group as far past the trenches as we dare before each going separate ways. Keeping my head down, I inched forward. Slipping away from the others I crept forwards, bullets flying over my head. I watched a small shell whistle down and strike a hundred metres away from me. The force was enough to blow me forward along the ground and straight down into a shell hole. Overwhelmed by a mindless panic, I screamed. A long, piercing scream that didn’t belong to me. Alone and vulnerable, sweat was pouring from my face and hands. As I rolled over a heavy weight landed on me, pushing down on my chest and legs. I couldn’t think, I made no conscious decision at all and I realised that I was stabbing wildly. The weight, a body, was jerking as I pushed the blade through. I didn’t stop screaming until I crawled away. The man made a gurgling sound. The gurgling was all I could hear. I couldn’t hear the guns. The smattering of bullets flying through the air, the shouting, the whistling, the clunking, clattering, clinking had all gone. The blood in my veins was pounding so hard it felt as though somebody was squeezing my heart from inside of me. I tried to tell myself that the man, the dying man, wanted to attack my country. That he threatened its freedom. As I sat there, hoping to God that the gurgling would stop, I realised that I was fighting. Not fighting for my country, no. Not fighting for myself, not for my family. Not for my future, or my children’s future. As I killed the man in front of me, I protected the man ten metres behind me. I was fighting for the mate that was standing next to me in the trench. In that moment, I fought for the one that was fighting for me.

Anti-Smoking Campaign / Smoking Isn't Just Suicide

Client: Australian Government
Agent: Impact Advertising

Brief:
Design an anti-smoking campaign of print ads targeting the dangers of passive smoking, to be viewed in all states and territories of Australia.

Introduction to Campaign:
Good morning. I’m Renee, this is Sarah and James, we’re from Impact Advertising. We were approached by the Department of Health and Ageing to pitch an anti-smoking campaign of print ads targeting the dangers of passive smoking. Today, our campaign focuses on the detrimental effects of passive smoking especially on children as you’ll see when each of us presents and discusses each individual advertisement. Our campaign ‘If you smoke, they smoke too’, looks at building the belief that smokers are accountable for the effects of passive smoking, especially in children.

Smoking Isn’t Just Suicide
The first advertisement proposal today, titled ‘Smoking Isn’t Just Suicide’, was designed to specifically provoke a reaction. When attacking this project we asked ourselves who was affected by passive smoking. We needed an element of truth so that the advertisement was relatable. So, we thought about who has to spend the most time around smokers. Who sits on the lap of their mother while she has a smoke? Or follows their dad outside to the porch two, three, four, five times a day so he can smoke? These are the kids who have grown up living with and spending time with a mother, father, sibling, aunt, uncle, grandma or grandpa who smokes. In the development of our campaign we targeted the negative physical and emotional effects of second hand smoke on children. The effectiveness and success our campaign will offer over others can be put down to the complete understanding we have of the emotional capacity of the target market.  Incorporating this understanding with our knowledge of advertising techniques and conventions we have developed an advertisement that will be successful in reducing the percentage of children affected by passive smoking. The advertisement on the left side of the flyer you have in front of you and behind me on the board is the first advertisement to be developed in response to the brief. In the design phase it was important to consider the current social and cultural context this advertisement will be seen in. 

 [Show advertisement][Hand out flyers]

As the Australian society has developed and been influenced by globalisation, technology and the unrelenting media, the characteristics of a successful advertisement have changed. In order to sustain the success of anti-smoking ads in Australia changes need to be made. In past campaigns, a typical anti-smoking advertisement sought to educate. You, as a government department, needed to provide the Australian public with the facts; they needed to know the dangers of smoking. However, the Australian audience is not passive and I can guarantee that they’ve noticed the pictures on cigarette packets. They know that smoking causes cancer in the lung, lip, tongue, mouth and throat; they know it causes heart disease, strokes, asthma and blindness. What they can’t know, is the effect on everyone around them. This print advertisement, while encompassing the classic interpretation of the detrimental effects of smoking, exploits the use of shock advertising. Evident in many of the advertising codes and conventions, this advertisement is specifically designed to upset and offend viewers in order to provoke a reaction. This approach is essential in the current social and cultural context of the Australian society. We, as a society, have become desensitised by the repeated exposure to negative and adverse stimuli provided by numerous forms of media. The public’s diminished emotional responsiveness to violence, death and destruction, the result of this repeated exposure, signifies that the advertisement industry, to successfully draw the attention of an audience, needs to ‘up the ante’. As you can see, in order to counteract the inert reaction that is received in response to a slightly distressing picture, the “Smoking Isn’t Just Suicide” advertisement takes advantage of the emotions of the audience. By depicting a child as young as two or three, as in the ad, we are playing on the belief that strong family values are present in the Australian and Western context. As our current belief system strongly disagrees with harming a child this advertisement will provide an adequate amount of shock to impact the modern thinking of the audience.

The symbolism and overall appeal of the advertisement, seen primarily through the main image, is imperative to the success of this advertisement. The body language and colour work together to create an overall sense of despair and distress. This in turn will evoke the need to get rid of this misery. The image depicts a child being suffocated by a bag of smoke. The body language of the child mirrors the representation of suffocation. The use of a child in the advertisement, usually a symbol of hope and life, further emphasises the depraved nature of passive smoking. As well of the symbolic use of a child, the cultural meaning that is gained through the colours used in the advertisement promotes the distressing image we are trying to portray. The realistic qualities of the boy, in terms of hair, cheeks and shirt colour, stress the reality of the issue. Also, the colour black is often used to represent death, darkness and destruction. The use of black around the outside conveys the connotations attached to the colour. The representations and connotations the symbols and colours bring to this advertisement successfully convey the message we are portraying.

Furthermore, the visual codes, both obvious and subtle, are used to position the audience to accept the responsibility that goes hand-in-hand with smoking, using these devices to foreground the effect on children exposed to the smoke. The framing, shot size and camera angles have been carefully considered to ensure the advertisement will have the biggest impact on the audience possible.  The placement and size of the child compliments the knowledge of eye-line and points of focus. While eye-line is one of the most important conventions of the visual codes, placing the picture above the copy and making it large in comparison catches the initial attention of the audience. The distress in the child’s face maintains their attention and then the copy is the last aspect the audience will see. We know this through studies suggesting that the eye-line of an audience glancing at an advertisement will follow a ‘Z’ pattern, beginning at the top left corner of the page, moving right and then down. Additionally, having both a close up and an eye-level shot when framing the main image portrays a sense of familiarity. Using these shots will make the audience feel a connection and relationship with the boys. Developing this relationship between the subject and the audience will further impact the emotional and moral need to protect or help the boys.  If a child was actually standing in your house, in the park, at the supermarket screaming and crying you would want to help. Wouldn’t you?

Now, ladies and gentlemen, if you would direct your attention to the copy located at the base of the advertisement. It reads, ‘Smoking isn’t just suicide. It’s murder.’ Further reinforcing the connection between this advertisement and smoking, the copy uses vocabulary that is related to the current target market’s vernacular. It sounds dark and awful however, recently in particular, the prevalence of suicide and hearing about suicide in the media has grown dramatically. Using this word in a short, simple statement will ‘hit home’ in the current social context. Moreover, using this word in a conjunction with the word ‘murder’ is crucial in delivering our message in a manner which the audience will accept. We need to change the stigma that smoking is only suicide to the belief that it is both suicide and murder. The audience will take these two words from the advertisement and remember them as interchangeable, representing the act of smoking as both suicide and murder. We strongly believe, through the use of this particular copy, it will be possible to set off a social reaction.

This advertisement will stay in the minds of Australians. They will think about who is around when they are smoking. Our knowledge, as an advertisement agency, of successful techniques as well as our understanding of the Australian society has shaped the redesign of anti-smoking advertisements. We have modified successful advertisements of past and considered advertising techniques including framing, composition, shot size, symbols and appeals to create this ad. The use of these techniques will guarantee the success and influence this ad will provide. The second advertisement of our campaign will be presented by Sarah. Please consider that this ad will sell the idea that if you smoke, they will too. Thank-you.

Turmeric Stain Removal

Discussion

In order to make a justified recommendation on the removal of stains the following variables were tested in the experiment: temperature, concentration, agitation, the presence of enzymes in the detergent and the saturation time. Research was undertaken before the initiation of the experiment so a justified hypothesis could be made in relation to these variables. The results obtained from the experiment both supported and opposed parts of the hypothesis (as seen above). Aside from several anomalies within the data, with further research the results from the experiment can be explained using knowledge of detergents, rates of reaction and understanding the factors that affect these.

In the experiment it was necessary to use laundry detergents to remove a turmeric stain. Understanding the way detergents work to remove stains is important when considering the most effective and efficient solution. Detergents work to emulsify compounds that are not usually soluble in water (stains) by surrounding the stain molecules and making it easier for water to detach them from the fabric due to reduced surface tension.

The surface tension of water, the property that allows it to resist an external force, will limit the cleaning ability. Surface tension is the net inward force on the surface of water that causes the molecules on the surface to contract and resist being stretched or broken and is the result of these molecules being strongly attracted to the molecules below them (Woodrow Wilson Foundation, 2010). A diagram of this can be seen in Appendix 6. By lowering the surface tension of water so that it more readily soaks into pores and soiled areas the effectiveness and efficiency of the water in cleaning the cloth will increase.

The reason detergents increase the cleaning ability of water is a result of their ability to decrease the surface tension and therefore increase the effectiveness of the wash. The main characteristic of detergents is that their molecules (surfactant) consist of hydrophilic ends and hydrophobic ends (Clark, 2009).  The detergent (surfactant) molecule has a non-polar (hydrocarbon) and an ionic (polar) head (Appendix 2). The polar head is attracted to water because of the net dipole of a water molecule. In water, oxygen attracts electrons with greater strength than hydrogen resulting in a net dipole (Appendix 3 and 4). The attraction between the hydrophilic end of a surfactant in a detergent and the water molecule will considerably weaken the forces between the water molecules and decrease the surface tension. As well as the ability to decrease surface tension of water, the hydrophobic ends of surfactants attaches to fats and oils often seen in stains. So, the detergent molecules (surfactants) attach themselves to the dirt particles of the stained material and these particles are pulled out and suspended, surrounded by water, until they are rinsed away (Appendix 5).

This reaction between the stain, detergent and water is affected by numerous factors. Within this experiment results were obtained relating to the effect of temperature, agitation, enzymes, concentration and saturation time. These variables were chosen as the preliminary research suggested that they would affect the rate of reaction (excluding saturation time).

The highest rate of reaction would allow the greatest amount of stain to be removed from the material because the greater the rate of reaction the greater the amount of stain removed in a specific amount of time. When two or more chemicals react particles must collide with the correct orientation and enough force to yield a successful reaction (activation energy). Increasing the rate of reaction relies on the increase in the likelihood of successful collisions. Since a chemical reaction between detergent, water and stain particles will only occur with the collision of these particles in the correct orientation, increasing the number of these collisions will increase the reaction rate.

Temperature

To determine the effect of temperature on the cleaning process the cloth was tested in a cold wash, warm wash and hot wash. In order to obtain fair and accurate results while testing the temperature, it was ensured that the variables water, detergent, concentration of detergent, agitation and time were controlled.

For this section of the experiment it was hypothesised that if the temperature was increased then the rate of reaction would also increase resulting in a cleaner product. The results obtained from the experiment clearly showed that this was the effect temperature had on the cleaning of the cloth. The results revealed that 100% of the hot wash tests obtained better results than the corresponding cold and warm washes. The warm wash also achieved a better result than the cold wash in every test. The hot wash achieved a better result than the warm wash by an average of about 5 points on the colour scale (colour scale located in Appendix 1). This is clearly shown in the graphs located in Appendix 9. Each line noticeably shows a relationship between an increase in temperature and an increase in the cleanliness of the cloth. In fact, the 4 best results (23) obtained in the entire experiment involved a hot wash (70 degrees Celsius) and 15 out of the 16 best results also involved a hot wash (see Appendix 8). The table in Appendix 10 shows that every cloth achieved a higher rating of cleanliness in the warm wash than the cold wash and that every cloth in a hot wash achieved a higher rating than in the warm wash independent of the other variables. From these results and the assumption that the test was fair, it is possible to conclude that the hypothesis is fully supported by the results.

The effect that temperature has on this experiment and the results obtained can be explained in relation to the effect that the increase in temperature has on the rate of reaction. When a substance is heated the particles move faster as the heat energy is transferred to kinetic energy. The increased temperature, and therefore increased kinetic energy, makes the molecules accelerate and move around more; so, there is more chance of a collision between molecules. In addition, the molecules will impart a greater amount of energy in collision due to the gain in kinetic energy and therefore increase the chance of achieving the activation energy needed in order to have a successful collision. On the contrary, if the reaction occurs at a lower temperature there is a lower chance of the molecules colliding due to decreased speed and energy of particles.

It is obvious that the results were obtained because of the change in temperature. However, it is also possible to see that there is a difference in the cold washes, warm washes and hot washes between tests. This indicates that other variables can also affect the rate of reaction and the cleaning process.

Enzymes

To determine the effect that the presence of enzymes in detergent has on the cleaning ability two different laundry powders were used. The first, Woolworths Home Brand, did not contain enzymes and the second, Fab Laundry Detergent, did. This was observed on the packaging on both of the detergents. It was ensured that between tests only one variable was changed (the detergent) to maintain accurate results.

It was hypothesised that if the laundry detergent contains enzymes then the rate of reaction will increase. This hypothesis was supported by about 72% of the tests with the laundry detergent containing enzymes obtaining an average of about 3 shades lighter than that of the cloth washed with the laundry detergent with no enzymes. The difference between the detergent with no enzymes and the detergent with enzymes is greatest when the cloth is washed in the cold washes and the 10 minute saturations. While most of the time the enzyme laundry detergent produced better results, a number of unexpected results can also be seen through the data. It was hypothesised that enzymes would produce better results than no enzymes regardless of the controlled variables. However in 3 tests, the detergent with no enzymes yielded worse results than the same test with a detergent containing enzymes by between 1 and 3 shades. These anomalies (seen in Appendix 7) occurred in the [Cold Wash, Concentration 2, No Agitation, 30 minutes] test, the [Warm Wash, Concentration 1, Agitation, 10 minutes] test and the [Hot Wash, Concentration 2, No Agitation, 10 minutes]. As these tests have nothing in common it is not possible to make a conclusion about the determining factor and may have been cause by an error. Another 7 tests produced the same shade of colour in the resulting cloth. In the [Cold Wash, Concentration 1, No Agitation, 30 minutes], [Warm Wash, Concentration 1, Agitation, 20 minutes], [Warm Wash, Concentration 1, Agitation, 30 minutes], [Warm Wash, Concentration 1, No Agitation, 30 minutes], [Warm Wash, Concentration 2, No Agitation, 30 minutes], [Hot Wash, Concentration 2, No Agitation, 20 minutes] and [Hot Wash, Concentration 2, No Agitation, 30 minutes] tests, the presence of enzyme had no influence on the final product (seen in Appendix 11).

Enzymes will normally increase the rate of reaction and improve the cleaning process because of the characteristic that allows them to lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and decrease the reaction time. By lowering the activation energy each collision between particles and subsequent reaction requires less energy to be successful. The three dimensional shape of an enzyme brings reactant closer together into its active site, therefore allowing the chemical bonds to weaken and change with less energy.  An enzyme acts as a biological catalyst, increasing the rate of the reaction without changing the molecule and without raising the temperature. As the reaction requires less energy to occur the particles are more likely to have successful collisions. This explains why the enzyme detergent had more influence (raising the resultant shade by an average of 3 points) on cold and (raising the resultant shade by an average of 2.5 points) warm washes when compared to the influence it had on the hot washes (raising the resultant shade by an average of 1.5 points). The hot washes have adequate energy to overcome the activation energy without the use of enzymes because of the additional heat energy. Using enzymes in the cooler washes had more effect because the reduced energy was able to be used more efficiently in the reactions as a result of the enzymes.

Concentration

To determine the effect that the concentration of detergent has on the cleaning ability two different concentrations of powders were tested. The first, 1.25g, was taken from the recommended usage for the Fab Laundry Detergent and scaled down to fit the amount of water being used (100mL). The second concentration used was double the first amount to create a significant difference and with the anticipation that the results would vary greatly. It was ensured that between tests only one variable was changed (the detergent) to maintain accurate results.

It was hypothesised that if the concentration of laundry detergent was increased then the rate of reaction would increase and the tablecloth would be cleaned more effectively. The results revealed that this was not the case 66% of the time. In fact in 24/36 tests, concentration 1 (the smaller amount of laundry detergent) proved to result in a cleaner cloth (see Appendix 12). 6/8 of the best results obtained (colour 22 and 23) used concentration one. While there were 4 tests conducted that supported the hypothesis, the majority went against it. Where the hypothesis was supported and concentration 2 obtained a better result the difference between was minimal, only 1 or 2 shades. An anomaly in this data, where concentration 2 achieved a better result by more than 3 shades if colour was the result from the [No Enzyme, Cold Wash, Agitation, 20 Minutes] test.  

Although the results from the experiment were unexpected they can be explained using relevant theory. It was expected that the increase in the concentration of laundry detergent would result in a crowding of the particles and therefore an increase the likelihood of particles colliding (see Appendix 7). However, in the experiments conducted it seemed as though the amount of water and stained cloth limited the amount of detergent that was used in the reaction. It was observed that when the 2^nd concentration was used in tests the water was cloudy at the end of the saturation time. This may be due to an excess amount of detergent being used and the water acting as a limiting reagent in the reaction. This limiting reagent will stop the reaction when it is completely consumed and there is nothing the excess reactant can continue to react with. So, increasing the concentration will only increase the reaction rate while there is a ratio where each reactant can be used completely.

Agitation

To determine the effect of agitation on the cleaning process the tests were conducted controlling the other variables and saturating the cloth in either an agitated beaker (with magnetic stirrer) or a beaker with no agitation. In order to obtain fair and accurate results while testing the effect of agitation, it was ensured that the variables water, detergent, concentration of detergent, temperature and time were controlled.

For this section of the experiment it was hypothesised that if agitation was present then the rate of reaction would increase and the cloth would become cleaner. The hypothesis was supported by about 55% of the results (20/36) where agitation provided a better result; however, agitation did not affect 16% results and the cloth without agitation achieved a better result 25% of the time (see Appendix 9). The results suggest that agitation had a greater influence on the cold and warm washes than the hot washes. This trend is seen when comparing the percentage of cold and warm wash tests with agitation that achieved better results than the tests without agitation with the percentage of hot wash tests with agitation that achieved better results than the tests without agitation. About 62% of cold and warm wash tests were improved by the use of agitation compared to only about 40% of hot wash tests improved by agitation (see Appendix 13).  While 5 out of 8 of the best results (22 and 23) were obtained with the use of agitation, the worst 3 results (4 and 5) were also obtained with the use of enzymes (see Appendix 8). These results strongly suggest that agitation only affects the result slightly compared to some of the other variables.

The effect agitation has on the rate of reaction and subsequent cleaning of the cloth is related to the increase in the likelihood of collision. Agitation keeps reactant particles in motion increasing the chance of collision in the correct orientation (AUS-e-TUTE, 2013). The stirring also increases the kinetic energy of the particles and therefore increases the chance of the activation energy being obtained in a reaction. However, where the other variables are together decreasing the rate of reaction the presence of agitation does not have as much of an influence over the result and will not be able to change the outcome.

Time

To determine the effect of the saturation time on the cleaning process the tests were conducted over 10, 20 and 30 minutes. 3 pieces of material were in each beaker and 1 was removed after 10 minutes, another was removed after 20 minutes and the third was removed after 30 minutes so that the environment and variables were controlled.

It was hypothesised that if the time was increased then the resulting fabric would be cleaner. The results supported the hypothesis to some extent. Overall, the 20 and 30 minutes washes outperformed the 10 minute wash almost 100% of the time. However, when comparing the results from the 20 and 30 minute tests the improvement is not as obvious if there is an improvement at all. In fact, the 30 minute wash only obtained the best results in 12 out of 36 tests, obtaining the same result as the 20 minutes wash in 7 tests and the 20 minute wash obtaining the better result in 3 tests (see Appendix 14). 3 of the 4 tests that achieved the highest result (23) were saturated for a total of 30 minutes (see Appendix 8).  

The longer the material is left in the water the cleaner it should become. This should occur because the reaction has the greatest amount of time to take place and therefore particles should collide more in 30 minutes than with the same variables in 10 and 20 minutes. A factor that may have affected these results quite dramatically and could explain the discrepancy between the practical and theoretical components is the colour of the original material before being placed in the beaker. While every piece of material was stained by turmeric, each cloth had a varying degree. If a single piece of cloth was stained to a lesser degree than another it could take less time to remove the stain.

Errors

A number of errors were made during the experiment that may have affected the accuracy and validity of the results. As mentioned above, the original degree of stain in each individual piece of cloth was not considered or observed. The resulting colour of the material may have been improved relative to another piece of material because the original stain was not as bad. Another mistake that was made during the experiment was that the surface areas of each detergent were not considered. Prior research (available in log book) has made it known that surface area will affect rate of reaction and therefore the cleaning process. So while the detergents had similar surface areas the effect of the difference cannot be shown. As well as this it was assumed that the Home Brand laundry detergent had no enzymes. As it wasn’t listed on the product packaging it was assumed that like most home brand detergents it did not contain enzymes (according to prior research) but it is a possibility that there were some form of enzymes present. In the experiment for temperature it was found that maintaining the temperature on a hot plate was extremely difficult. Often the temperature of the water became too high because the hot plate would continue to heat the water past the required temperature. If not monitored very closely, the temperature could not be kept completely consistent throughout the entire saturation time.

Improvements

Improvements could have been made to this investigation in order to be an accurate representation of a washing technique. The use of an actual washing machine and a full size table cloth would have improved the validity of the experiment and provided results relevant to the task. The experiment may also have been improved by increasing the accuracy of measurements, controlling the environment, controlling the surface area of each detergent and observing the initial staining of each individual piece of cloth. Using a wider variety of concentrations of detergent would have greatly improved this experiment as knowing the minimum amount of detergent that could be used to obtain the greatest result would enable a justified recommendation. As well as this, to improve the experiment, different brands of washing detergent should have been tested as other brands may have been more effective.

Recommendation

It is recommended that a tablecloth stained with Turmeric is washed in a detergent containing enzymes, at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius, with a concentration of laundry detergent equal to 1.25g/0.1L, agitation and a saturation time of greater than 30 minutes. This wash will, without fail, deliver the best results and clean the tablecloth completely. However, it is understood as a restaurant business the economic impact of this wash would be too great for the return. Considering this, there are two viable options that would satisfy both the economic needs and cleaning standards of the restaurant. Assuming that a colour greater than ‘20’ on the colour scale was accepted as ‘clean’, the cost of cleaning the tablecloth can be reduced greatly. The first option would be to use a home brand detergent (one without enzymes) in a hot wash, with agitation (as in a normal washing machine) for a period of 30 minutes or longer. The home brand detergent is consistently cheaper than the premium enzyme detergent however the advantages of the enzyme detergent can be nullified through the use of other increasing factors. The other option is to use an enzyme detergent in a warm wash with agitation for a period of 30 minutes or longer. The use of an enzyme detergent decreases the temperature needed to obtain a clean tablecloth. The benefits in the reduction of electricity cost (using a warm wash instead of a hot wash) compared to the reduction in detergent cost will determine which of these two recommendations should be used at the restaurant.